Charge: electron = 1.602 X 10^-19 coulombs (C) Fundamental property of matter - like mass & length. positive, or negative charge
Current- the rate at which charge flows through a given surface Ampere current unit 6.241×10^18 electrons (or one coulomb) per second = one ampere
Voltage =electrical potential difference between two points units =
volts = joules / coulomb
Voltage = the work done per unit
charge against a static electric field to move the charge between two points.
A voltmetercan be used to measure the
voltage (or potential difference) between two points in a system; usually a
common reference potential such as the ground of the system is used as one of
the points.
Conductor- material that permits the flow of electricity
Resistor - resists the flow of electricity
Ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical
resistance
1 Ohm = the resistance between two points of a conductor when a
constant potential difference of 1.0 volt, applied to these points, produces in
the conductor a current of 1.0 ampere
Ohm's Law: V = iR
Voltage = Current * resistance
Kirchoff's current law - Conservation of charge
The current entering any point = the current leaving the point i2 + i3 = i1 + i4
Kirchoff's voltage law - Conservation of energy The sum of all the voltages around the loop= zero v1 + v2 + v3 - v4 = 0
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Resistors in series -
Data Acquisition & Control Data Acquisition - take data, like measuring pressure, force, temperature, etc. Writing a number down to represent a physical quantity.
Control - Use electrical outputs to control a physical property (like Temperature, or pressure) in a system.
Thermistor - A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies with Temperature
Assuming, as a first-order approximation, that the relationship between resistance and temperature is linear, then:
where
= change in resistance
= change in temperature
= first-order temperature coefficient of resistance
Strain gauge: R varies with Strain (wires get thinner and longer with strain, this increases resistance)
Analog Information - the actual physical voltage that varies proportionately with a physical property such as temperature, or pressure, or sound. Analog signals are smooth, with infinite resolution - not pixilated.
Digital information - the number that shows up on your computer screen to represent the physical voltage. The number on your screen is "pixilated", it does not exactly match the physical entity you are trying to measure.
Analog to Digital Converter - ADC - Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is a device which can convert the actual analogue voltage into digital numbers on a multimeter or on a computer.
Bits - How a computer stores information.
A single bit can be either a 0 or a 1
ADC has n-bit resolution (8 bit, 12 bit, 16 bit, 24 bits etc.) higher-resolution ADC = a smaller step size Step size = the smallest change between digital numbers
Example: 8 bits, representing 0-5V. the range is divided into 2^8=256 steps (from 0 – 255) Step size = 5/(2^N-1) = 5/255 = 0.01961V or 19.1mV
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Charge: electron = 1.602 X 10^-19 coulombs (C) Fundamental property of matter - like mass & length. positive, or negative charge
Chapter 11: Teamwork: The Power of Collaboration Great Groups are able to accomplish more than talented individuals acting alone. "None of us is as smart as all of us." ~ Bennis and Biederman
Front row from left to right: Irving Langmuir, Max Planck, Marie
Curie, Hendrik Lorentz, Albert Einstein, Paul Langevin, Charles Eugene
Guye, Charles Wilson, Owen Richardson.
Second row: Petrus Debye, Martin Knudsen, William Lawrence Bragg,
Hendrik Kramers, Paul Dirac, Arthur H. Compton, Louis de Broglie, Max Born,
Niels Bohr. Back row: Auguste Piccard, E. Henriot, Paul Ehrenfest, Edouard
Herzen, Theophile De Donder, Erwin Schrodinger, J.E. Verschaffelt, Wolfgang
Pauli, Werner Heisenberg, Ralph Howard Fowler, Leon Brillouin."
Heisenberg, Bohr, Fermi, Pauli, and Schrodinger - they were all good friends with one another - they vacationed together, partied together, and worked together. "Both of us admit we couldn't have done it without the other.... our advantage was that we had evolved fruitful methods of collaboration." ~ Watson and Crick, winners of the Nobel prize for discovering the double helix structure of DNA "No more piece-by piece, step by step production. Now it's teams. Teams of product and manufacturing engineers, designers, planners, financing and marketing people - together from the start.... It's how we built Dodge Viper... from dream to showroom in three years, a record for US car makers. From now on, all our cars and trucks will be higher quality, built at lower cost, and delivered to the market faster." - Chrysler
Synergy ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The whole is greater than the sum of it's parts
1 + 1 = 3
1 bird + 1 bird = 2 birds + flying formation + communication + offspring + social orders + a myriad of other entities which would never have existed if the two birds were isolated from one another.
The whole is created from both the parts (birds) and the interaction between the parts (offspring, communication, flow of energy information etc.) Synergy is the interaction of multiple elements in a system to
produce an effect different from or greater than the sum of their
individual effects. The term synergy comes from the Greek word synergiaσυνέργια from synergos, συνεργός, meaning "working together" Synergy means that teamwork will produce an overall better result than
if each person within the group were working toward the same goal
individually. Synergy examples:
physics: combinations of quarks that produce protons and neutrons
Chemistry - hydrogen and oxygen make water
biology - honeybee colonies
Medication - sometimes a combination create a greater response than summing the individual stimuli
Toxicological synergy - chemicals individually considered safe might pose unacceptable health or ecological risk in combination
Human synergy: Each on their own is too short to pick the apples, but working together, they are tall enough.
Music Synergy - each individual isn't that impressive, but when you add them all together, you get something pretty cool.
Corporate Synergy - Merger benefit Oil companies share platform costs etc. Positive synergy: improved efficiency in operations, greater
exploitation of opportunities, and improved utilization of resources. Negative synergy - negative effects on production like reduced efficiency of operations,
underutilization of resources and disequilibrium with the external
environment.
Group cohesion positive effects
increase interactions and communication between members
Common goals, interests, friendship, and support
negative effects
Risky shift phenomenon - the tendency of a group to make decisions that are riskier
than those that the group would have recommended individually.
group think - members' striving for unanimity overrides their motivation to appraise realistically the alternative courses of action
Emergence~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Complex systems and patterns from simple interactions.
"Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the
co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same -- their
difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly
traceable in its components, because these are homogeneous and commensurable.
It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to
measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind,
there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its
components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to
their sum or their difference." - GW Lewes
"Although strong emergence is logically possible, it is uncomfortably
like magic. How does an irreducible but supervenient downward causal
power arise, since by definition it cannot be due to the aggregation of
the micro-level potentialities? Such causal powers would be quite unlike
anything within our scientific ken. This not only indicates how they
will discomfort reasonable forms of materialism. Their mysteriousness
will only heighten the traditional worry that emergence entails
illegitimately getting something from nothing." ~ Mark A. Bedau
required over ten thousand person years of design team.
Thousands of workers & 3 years to design it.
Concurrent Team Engineering:
Everyone racing together
NOT a relay!
To maximize speed - Marketing, Manufacturing & Development departments all work in parallel with one another. (instead of working like a relay race with only one person running at a time)
Speed matters!
A six month delay in getting to market reduces a product's profitability by a third over its life cycle. "Reduce product development time to one third, and you will triple profits and triple growth" - Business Week
Teams make the design process go faster.
(The 747 would have taken 10,000 years to design and produce without team work.)
Tuckman's 5 Team Growth Stages: 11.3
1. Forming The "nice to meet you" stage - group members are shy & self-conscience, ice-breaking activities are needed etc.
2. Storming Cliques form, dissension over who is responsible for what, criticism
of leadership, frustration over tasks group is called to perform.
"effective groups actively looked for the points in which they disagreed
and in consequence encouraged conflicts amongst the participants in the
early stages of the discussion. In contrast, the ineffective groups felt
a need to establish a common view quickly, used simple decision making
methods such as averaging, and focused on completing the task rather
than on finding solutions they could agree on" ~ studies conducted by Jay Hall 3. Norming People start dressing, talking, and acting like one another - group
converges to common perspective, accepts one another instead of
complaining and competing - learn to criticize without damaging feelings
- interdependence and unity emerge.
Welcome to the Borg!
Question: Doesn't conforming to a group stifle creativity?
Fact: Groups can actually be more creative than individuals working alone!
bounce ideas off one another,
brainstorm
"think tank" together.
Creative group example:
Rubbermaid makes around 400 new products per year
more than one new product per day!
At least one third of Rubbermaid's $2 billion in annual sales come from newly created products less than 5 years old.
4. Performing Everyone working together - pride in team, shared clear vision,
everyone has individual tasks they are responsible for, but everyone
helps one another. Leaders are indistinguishable from group members,
everyone works together.
5. Adjourning The project is completed if successful, there is celebration and
feeling of accomplishment,
if a failure there are ill feelings and disappointment on
adjourning.
a successful team has: 1) a common goal or purpose
2) Leadership 3) unique individual talents 4) effective communication 5) collaboration 6) harmonious relationships 7) effective planning and use of resources 8.) good attendance and participation
Project Management
Project Individuals organized by a product instead of a function. ie - instead of grouping all the HR people together, and all the design people together - a project group consists of diverse people from research, marketing, HR, development, procurement etc. all working together.
Project Managers:
plan work requirements
create schedules
direct the use of resources (people, money, materials, equipment)
= change in resistance
= change in temperature
= first-order temperature coefficient of resistance
